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VENETIAN PEOPLE (VENETI)
The Venetians (also known as Veneti) are a Southern European ethnic group located primarily in Venetia a land occupied mainly by the italian and Croatian state, the historical capital city is Venice. Due to a diaspora Venetians now live in several areas of the world : Australia, Canada, italy and Brazil. The two major concentration of Venetians are in Veneto, italy, and in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (where they are known as Veneto-Brazilians).
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Genetic and somatic traits
It is not possible to identify a single or particular genetic traits due to the huge genetic interchange, migration and mixing through the milleniums. This mixing process is still going on today with a consistent flux of population coming to Venetia from all over the world.
Etymology of the word Venetian
The first written proof of the word Venetian was found in ancient stone dating back 2500 years and found in the small town of Isola Vicentina and now visible in the historical museum of Vicenza. The stone carries the inscription with the ancient Venetic alphabet and the word used to mention Veneti is "Venetkens". The meaning is : Venetic People or People of the Venetic land.
Naming and self-naming
The venetian term to define Venetian People in local language is "Venesiàni", which can mean both : citizens of the city of Venice and also citizens of the former state of Venice, the Republic of Venice. Italians changed the political map of the former state of Venice and divided it in smaller regions : Friuli, Veneto and part of Lombardia. In this way the inhabitants of these new geopolitical areas were called respectively : Friulani, Veneti, Bresciàni. Nowdays the term Veneti is used by the local people to define themselves and also their language.
Origins
Venetians originally come from the north of black sea (called by Greek historians : Cimmers) They were Indo-European seminomad tribes of warriors and horse breeders during the iron age. In the 10th century b.c, due to the pressure of Sheets population they moved to the west until they reached the area that goes from the Istrian peninsula and up north coasting the sea to present Slovenia and then west to the Adda river and south to the border of river Po.
Language
History
In the city of Este has been found a Venetic bronze inscription in ancient Venetic language which dates back to the 7th B.C and which confirms the existence of a school. Nowdays we still find traces of old Venetian Language in the double pronomination : "ti te"(you), in modern Venetians the pronoun is repeated. Also in verb's form such as : "festo"(done), "vedesto"(seen), "dixesto"(told), the "-st-" infix can be found both in modern written and spoken Venetian and ancient Venetian's inscriptions, and it indicates the participle form of verbs.
Ancient Venetian alphabet
Many inscription dating back to 1000 B.C. were found in Venetian lands. In Este there is a museum today with several archeological findings.
Modern Language
A faithfull transcription of the paper : "I se pareciava (i scrivàni)i bò (e pergamene)albe pratarie i arava (co a pena)e albor versor (pena d'òca) i tegnea e negra semensa (inchiostro) i semenava.." In English : "the writers prepared themselves to write with the pen they had and to pour dark ink..." There are many texts dating to 13th and 14th century. The language was used by the republic of Venice for diplomacy and commerce all over Europe, and it influenced italian consistently.
Language and recognition of Venetian Language
International codes of Venetian Language : ISO639-1 roa, ISO639-3 vec, SIL VEC. The recognitions comes from the Library of Congress, the Ethnologue, and Unesco.The 13th of april 2007 the Venetian Region (Regione Veneto), thanks to the work and efforts of political figures and associations such as Roberto Ciambetti and Raixe Venete, recognized Venetian legally as language. Unfortunately the italian state still refuses to give recognition and continues in its discriminative and racist policy of Venetian language. A huge number of Venetians are monoglots and are mostly found among elder people, young generations speak both the language of the dominant state, respectively : italian, serbo-croatian.In diaspora Venetians speak both the national language of the host country and Venetian.
| Venetian | ISO/DIS 639-3 : vec |
|---|---|
| Population | 2,180,387 in Italy (2000 WCD). |
| Region | Northern Italy, city of Venice, area of the Tre Venezie; Venezia Eugànea westward to Verona, southward to the Po, and eastward to the border of the Fruili; Venezia Tridentina, in the Adige valley and neighboring mountain regions to the north of Trent; and Venezia Giulia, east of the Friuli, and including Trieste. Bisiacco is spoken in Gorizia Province. Also spoken in Croatia, Slovenia. |
| Alternate names | Veneto, Venet, Venesiàni, Venesiàn, Eneti |
| Dialects | Istrian, Triestino, Venetian Proper, Bisiacco. Distinct from Standard Italian. |
| Classification | Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Italian |
| Language use | Vigorous. Speakers also use italian. |
| Language develop. | Bible portions: 1859. |
| Also spoken in | Croatia, Brasil, Canada, Australia, Romania |
|---|---|
| Language name | Venetian |
| Population | 100,000 in Croatia and Slovenia (1994 Tapani Salminen). See also Italian in Croatia. Several millions speakers in Brasil. |
| Region | Istrian Peninsula and Dalmatia. |
| Dialects | Istrian, Trentine, Venetian Proper, Belumat. |
| Language use | Vigorous. |
Famous Venetian words in the world
Ciao (engl. transl. hello, goodbye), Spaghìti (it. spaghetti, the meaning in Venetian is : little strings), Spumante means literally : "that produces foam" from the Venetian word "spùma" (foam). The word Ghetto meant "cast". This kind of work was performed in an area of Venice that, in 15th century, the municipality decided to assign to the growing community of Venetian jews. the word "arsenal" comes from the Venetian word that indicate the huge factory were most of Venetian fleet and weapons were built and stocked.
Literature
Venetian literature have several famous writers such as : Giacomo da Verona, [[Uguccione da Lodi], Boaretti, Zorzi Baffo, Ruzzante, Zanzotto, Carlo Goldoni. Giacomo Casanova made a Venetian translation of Iliad and Odissey from Greek. it is interesting to mention that Zanzotto's proposal for literature nobel prize was refused due to political pressure of italian regime, in order to avoid international recognition to those who write in Venetian Language.
History
1000 b.C
Venetian tribes settled roughly 1000 b.C., they arrived from Central Asia together with other indoeuropean populations. The etimology of the word means "noble" or also "shining," being an honorary name rather than an etnic description. In fact there are quite a few places in Europe were this root-name is found, in particular France, Austria, Brittany, Wales, the Baltics and some Slavic areas. It's however probable that the root of the word Venetkens (Venetians)found in the stone of Isola Vicentina does not indicate a unique population, but a honorary title used in several populations of indoeuropean language. They were not the first population to live in what is currently called Venetia, and they shared the territory in patches as it is often the case in ancient times. Without doubt there already was the presence of pre-indoeuropean populations such as the Euganei. The Venetians were well known for their navigational skills. Horses were another identifying sign of ancient Venets, since they were reknown throughout the ancient world for their horse-breeding. Regarding religion of the Venetians in the Gulf of Venice it is documented that they worshiped the goddess Reitia, who is represented with an egg and with a a key on her hand. Her name, according to Prosdocimi, has the same roots as the Spartan Goddess Ortia, which is similar also for the type of worship (donations of bronze tools).
It is possible instead to say that ancient Venetians traded metals and in particular gold. Many archeological findings are still happening nowadays, especially in the cities of paleo-venet origins like Este, Pàdua, Odèrzo, Adri, Vicénza, Verona, Altìno, but also Carìnzia, on the "amber road", a mineral coming from the baltic area.
The federation with Roman Empire
Since the Romans and the Venetians were in good relations (except perhaps few marginal episodes) romans's integration in Venetian society was gradual and easy. The historian Tito Livio and the architect Vitruvio were Venetian, and the latter in particular had a influencial impact on architecture. According to some recent thesis, the centurization (the method of dividing arable land) was invented by the Venetians, and perhaps it was the outcome of ancient methods based on the measurement of places and land based on celestial reference points. According to a recent book "Italian Archeoastronomy" by Romano a great number of geographical places in Venetia support this thesis, and advances the theory that centurization was actually invented by the Venetians and then adopted by the Romans.
The Middle Era
Venice's history as an autonomous state began some time during the early Middle Age, after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, and continued in all its originality for more than 1,100 years until the Napoleonic era. Venice lay at first on the fringes of the Byzantine empire, acting as a trading and shipping center on the lagoons and rivers up to the plain of Padua, and as a center of distribution for goods from the East.
The Venetian Republic
After the year 1000 Venice became a great Mediterranean naval power, and her role as intermediary between East and West was strengthened. With the conquest of Constantinople in 1204 she became the dominant power in the Levant. The Republican system of government developed in the city-state led it as well to supremacy in the Italian peninsula. At the beginning of the 15th century Venice made huge conquests on the mainland, although her interests lay only partly in this direction. The rise of the great modern monarchies transformed international politics, and spelled the end of the medieval states. In spite of pressure from the Ottoman empire in the East and from Spain (and later Hapsburg Austria) in the West, Venice was able to survive through diplomatic skill, by adpating her trade to the new conditions created by the opening of the ocean trade routes, and by developing her manufacturing industry, thus ensuring continued prosperity. Venice's complex history is more Mediterranean than Italian. It is bound up with developments in the Balkan peninsula, the Danube area, the Levant, and with the Islamic world as much as with the Holy Roman Empire, the Church, the maritime republics of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the powers of western Europe.
Napoleonic invasion
In 1797, the symbol of heroic venet resistance was Verona rather than Venice. The "pasque veronesi" of April 17 are remembered as the desperate insurrection of people of all classes against Napoleon's army. The decadent Venetian aristocracy on the other hand, after failing on their diplomatic attempts, abdicated power in a controversial Maggior Consiglio meeting (in which the minimum required number of voters was not present).
After nine months Bonaparte gives the Venetian territories to the Austrians with the treaty of Campoformido, and it is under the Hapsburgs that historical Venet territories such as Bergamo and Brescia to the West, and Histria to the East fall under separate administrations, and have been apart from Veneto ever since. In 1806 Napoleon returns as emperor and rules for eight harduos years under which the masses are overtaxed and recluted to in the French army. Perhaps, Veneto's artistic and historic patrimony had an even worse fate as priceless masterpieces accumulated in over a millenium of continuous independence are stolen by the French.
Austrongaric domination
Italian invasion
The Italian Kingdom joined Prussia in a war against Austria. Although the Italians lost their two battles in Custoza and Lissa (ironically, the Italians had to fight the Venetian navy, which was part of the Austrian forces), Austrian losses to Prussia forced it to an armistice. As part of the peace treaty, Veneto was given to France on October 19 1866, who was supposed to superseed a popular referendum to determine whether to create an independent republic or join the Italian Kingdom. It didn't. The same day, in a room of the Hotel Europa, in Venice, the French general Edmond Leboeuf conceded Veneto to three notaries who "deposed" it in the hands of the kings's (of Italy) commissary count Conte Thaon di Revelas mentioned in the book "La cessione del Veneto" (The disposal of the Venetia). Later in the year Italian Kingdom held a faked referendum which turned "unanimously" in favor of annexation. Soon after came the massive migrations to the Americas as widely prooved in the book "Gli ultimi veneti" (The last venetians). The economic depression that began under Austria turned even worse in the first decades of Italian rule. Entire towns fled the misery, hunger and taxation for a better future, mostly to South America (most in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina), but also to Mexico (Chipilo), and later to Canada and Australia. It is peculiar to find on the other side of the oceans entire town still well rooted in their Venet roots, with names such as Nova Bassano, Nova Vicenza and Nova Padua.
United States invasion and present occupations
In 1943 during world war, Venetia was annexed to RSI (Repubblica Sociale Italiana). With the defeat of 1944, the Usa military invaded Venetia and built military bases in the city of Vicenza, Aviano, Longare, Istrana. The Venetia is the operative centre for the SETAF (southern american air forces) in Europe. The italian governmnet signed secret deals with Washington and still today we do not know the terms and conditions. Venetian in some respects joined more freedom and wealth with the presence of Usa who in some way guarantee the respect of some foundamental rights that were unknown under the sole italian rule. On the other side, this double occupation (Italian and Usa) threatens any possibility of Venetians to decide for their own future and to become an Indipendent Nation in the very near future. it is interesting to notice that the Usa forces and Nato adopted the winged Lion with the sword in their insignia.
1867 to present times: The marginalisation of Venetians
Venetians due to their strong identity were marginalized in the italian state. All public, political, military positions were magically taken by italians and Venetian had nothing left than work land or running abroad. It is very important to notice that the knowledge of the italian language was the main feature required for any position in the italian public system. Venetians approached italian language as a foreign language and so were discriminated at school and in all governmnent positions. The same end happened to the people of south Tirol who were marginalized and pushed to a violent conflict with italians after the second world war. It is also important to point out that italian culture is very theoretic while on the other side Venetians are very practical and hard working people. Many Venetians emigrated oversea and only in the second part of 20th century they started to industrialize and the so called economic "miracle" made several Venetian famous around the world. Italians worked in burocracy and Venetian were mostly enterpreneurs and self made man. At the end of the 20th century, italian fiscal drag became so heavy that many Venetians moved all their factories and activities in the east and far east.
Venetian Genocide
The term genocide can be applied when we refer to the mass killings foibe accomplished during and after second world war, by the Jugoslavian communist partisan army of Tito at the end of second world war, and it was a retaliation for the mass murder and genocide that the italian fascists did against the Croatian inhabitants of Istria and Dalmatia. In both cases Croatian people and Venetian people, were innocent victims of nationalistic ideologies. It is important to point out that Croatians and Venetians lived in peace and cooperation for centuries with no conflicts of any kind. Italian propaganda used this genocide to feed national fanatism and claimed that the citizenship of those victims was italian. Such territories were Venetians, invaded in 1866, and the innocent victims were all of Venetian origin and language. The other case of genocide is known as the deportation of 5.000 Venetians to the malaric swamps of Agropontino nearby Rome, accomplished by fascism. In this last case the whole deportation and consequences were propagandistically built, depicting Venetians as eroic workers. Genocides are usually the consequences of deportation to places were condition of life are prohibitive, death is just the inevitable conclusion.
Venetian Ethnocide
The term ethnocide can be applied considering that the use of the Venetian language has been banned, in all public offices and documents, in all radio and tv broadcasts, in all newspapers, all schools, in all churches, in all military quarters. The names of streets has been changed, the name of cities has been italianized, the name of people and many last names italianized. Marginalization and derision of Venetian speaking people has been and still is a common practice. Italian media system built stereotypes of people living in the italian peninsula in which Venetians are depicted as : ignorant racist alchoolists unable to speak the italian national language; Venetian women are depicted in all italian filmography as prostitutes. The millenary history of Venetian people is reduced to some lines in the books used in compulsory italian schools. All movies narrating Venetian history desappeared during the last part of fascism and Venetian speaking people are banned in any public mean. The persecution and stereotypes are so strong that many Venetians are self-hatred and are ashamed to teach or speak Venetian to their own children.
Venetian Deportation
Italian genocide of Venetian jews
At the same time a Venetian heroe from Padoa, Giorgio Perlasca, saved almost 30 thousands jew in Hungary. He prevented them to be deported to Auschwitz and provided them all with documents to escape e secure death. Italian government ignored this eroe until the Israelian authorities recognized him "righteus among the righteus". There are many other cases of Jews saved by Venetians from burocrats and military italian Fascists.
Geography
Venetia in the past extended from the coasts of today Albania to the present Canton Ticino in today Switzerland. We still find traces of Venetian language speakers in such places. Most of these people are completely unaware of the language they speak and call it generically : local dialect. Venètia was mainly a federation, no cultural obbligation were imposed on the federated lands and countries. The Republic of Vènice gave a large amount of freedom and Croatian were free to speak their language and cultivate their traditions, the same Furlans, Tirolese People and many others. Today we can identify Venetia borders from Bergamo's Valleys on the west to the Istrian Peninsula on the east. In the north Trento and in the south the river Po. In the Istrian peninsula an eroding cultural and identitarian process was favoured during the war in Bosnia, when considarable quantity of Croatian populations were forced to move and abandon their native land. Such moltitude colonized the Istrian peninsula causing the old Venetian speakers to become minority. Croatia nowday does not recognize Venetians as a people or their language, and gives them, in agreement with italy, the status of "italians". It is the case in which two sovereign Europeean states, made an alliance to carry on the Venetian ethnocide, obliging Venetians to be italians or Croatians.
Culture
Cultural production
Universities
Cinema
Venetian cinema can be recorded since 1895 to the present day. The major bibliographical research on the subjetc is the Piero Zanotto's book : "Veneto in film" published in 2002. Before and after second world war italian nationalism centralized all cultural productions in Rome and the huge Venetian production and staff was dismantled. Many movies went lost and readapted with italian national "standards". Some famous actors are and were : Mario Girotti better known as Terence Hill, Cesco Baseggio, Sèrgio Tòfano, Marìsa Venier,
Music
National Anthem of the Venetian People
The music is taken from "Juditha Triumphans" of Antonio Vivaldi, who composed the melody to celebrate the Venetian victory in Corfù, which was besieged by the Turks in 1716.
Venetian Flag
San Marco’s Flag is an ancient symbol. The winged Lion is an archaic symbol often appearing in findings of ancient Venetians (since 1000 b.C), like vases, belts and several manufactured objects. During the first years of the Republic (697 A.C) the flag was represented by a cross: yet the legend says that : In 828 two Venetian merchants Bon da Malamoco and Rustico da Torcelo carried Saint Mark’s body from Alexandria (Egypt), just conquered by Muslims, to Venice. This precious relic could avoid Arab’s custom checks since it was hidden under pork, considered as impure and untouchable by Muslims. The prediction was thus realized: indeed, according to tradition, Saint Mark had disembarked on the Venetian shore long before to escape a storm during his trip from Alexandria to Aquileia; an angel had appeared in front of him on the shore saying “Pax tibi Marce, Evangelista Meus” (Peace be with thou Mark, my evangelist) and predicting that in the future he would be venerated by the people of that place. Thus Venice took San Marco as its protector: the symbol of Evangelist Saint Mark was namely the winged lion. This legend was a strategy carried on by those who ruled Venice, becoming always richer and more powerful: those far-sighted men tried to gain more autonomy from the Church of Rome. A 1096 written document tells about San Marco’s flag with the Lion keeping the cross between his paws: "This had been given to the son of Doxe Vitale Michiel I who was leaving for the Crusade in the holy land". Since 1257 all Venetian ships hoisted the flag of the Lion. However, its heraldry has never been codified exactly and the way it was represented showed a certain freedom of choice and some variations. The infantry usually had the Saint Mark with the Cross between the paws of the Lion painted in red or gold against a white background, while the navy employed a golden lion on a purple-red background. It is also known that (light) blue is the heraldic colour of Venetians and that Venice has always had blue and gold as its colours: on the sea, however, it was not easy to recognize.Many think that the open book (the Gospel) meant “peace” and the closed one meant “war” but there is no evidence of it, although there is a strong popular belief. The Saint Mark’s flag employed in Venetian edicts and proclaims or in the colone marciane was the going lion with the Gospel, whereas the lion in moleca (closed in a round shape) was employed in stamps. The six tails of the flag represent the six sestieri (districts) of Venice. Since there were no fixed rules, one can find flags with different backgrounds and colours. Indeed when the Gospel is present (sometimes it could be a different book) the most common motto is “Pax Tibi Marce Evangelista Meus”, but other times you could find “Alliger Ecce Leo Terras Mare Sidera Carpo” or “Victor Tibi Marce Evangelista Meus” too. Recently, thanks to the efforts of Ettore Beggiato, all the public offices in Regione Veneto are obliged to display the Venetian flag. Still today italian authorities and carabinieri discriminate the Venetian flag banning it in their offices. The carabinieri destroyed the Venetian flag in sign of contept during the episode of Serenissimi in 1997 in San Marco's square.
Religions
Venetians inbraced catholic religion during the Roman empire and one of the Venetian cardinal is still today a Patriarch. Until the new era of Carlos Woytila, it was usual to vote pope a Venetian patriarch. Venetian Republic was very opened to religions and Armenians and Jews could openly follow their creeds. Armenians built several schools, churches also in the main land (Borso del Grappa, Padova). Jewish presence were strong in the part of Venice called : Ghetto, which gave origin to the famous word. Venice is the only place in Europe where the Sinagogues are still intacts. After italian invasion both communities started decadence which culminated in the italian extermination and deportation of all Venetian jews. There are also several of other christians religions in Venetia such as Armenians which had a strong community before the italia invasion and catholic monopolium granted by italian fascism. There are Orthodox and also many Jehova adepts. In the last 30 years the muslim community has grown considerably and it is undoubtfully the second religion in numbers. Atheism and gnosticism are growing too and catholicism slowly looses its monopolium which was favoured since italian invasion of Venetia. Today most of people are atheists or agnostics and religion lost its predominance in cultural life.
Cuisine
There are several caracteristic dishes for example: poenta e oxei (boiled mais mill with rosted birds), sopresa, luganeghe, salado, costexèle, salàta consà, bìgoli, pastìso, bacalà a la Vicentina, panà, cotoleta, frìtole, grostoli, fasoli in sàlsa. Venetian are famous for the production of wines like cabernet, proseco, merlot, spumante, marxemìn, tocài, torcolà, rabòxo.
Traditional clothes
Social organization
Mainly patriarcal society in the last 2 milleniums but matriarchal in origin. This is suggested from the main gods, Diana and Reitia which were feminine. Also names that are masculine in Latin culture are feminine in Venetian such as rivers, animals. Family is very important and the typical structure was the man providing for resources and the woman taking care of domestic matters. With industrialization and financial difficulties due to italian fiscal oppression, women had to abandon homes to go to work in factories and were forced to delegate the education of their kids leaving it in the hands of italian and church school system which contributed to the distruction of Venetian language and culture.
Social conditions
Venetians in general are well off due to their operosity. Most of Venetians are self employed and 1 out of 8 people living in Venetia, has a legal firm. The contrapposition to italians is very strong when we consider that they occupy most of positions in public and military professions. Nobody can deny that italy created a sort of reservation social status were Venetians are the productive backbone of the Venetian colony. Only those Venetians who accepted to ban their language and identity are introduced in the italian public and military arena.
Revival of Venetian culture
After more than a century of italian discrimination and oppression, Venetian culture : language, history, tradition are facing a new flourishing. In a time in which globalization seems to level all diversity, people look back for their identity and fight to gain what the 19th century nationalism stole to minorities. There are several happenings, one of them and probably the most famous is Festa dei Veneti organized by the association RaixeVenete. Another important storical event is the Regata storega which is held in the city of Venice. Starting from 2009 the institution of "Marsa del Popolo Vèneto" (Venetian People march) has been created. It is a march that goes all through modern Venetia. In such occasion Venetian People run along the roads and cities, keeping the Venetian flag high. Another feast to mention is the so called "Bàtimàrso" that is the occasional beating of metal pots for the Venetian's "Cào de l'àno" (new year's first day) which is historically the 1st of march. In such occasion at night, it is usual to make "bubaràta" (fires). The 25th of Aprìl there is the national feast of Venetian patron San Marco, and it is usual to display the Venetian flags outside the houses. It is important to mention that a traditional costume of Venetian people is and was to collect and sit at night and talk all together; in the past it was usual to do it before a fire or to go in the warmest ròòm during winter cold period, while in summer outside the "corte" (courtyard). The recurrance of Pascoe Veronexi, in which Venetians commemorate the rexistance against Napoleon invasion, it is an important moment of Venetian culture. La Milisia (Venetian historical army)cooperate towards the maintenance of several festivities, historical memories and publications.
Pre-reservation culture
Sports
Football
Among the most famous and internationally recognized Venetian football players of all times : Paolo Rossi, Roberto Baggio, Alessandro Del Piero. Most of football champions came from Venetia, this can be said of all sports and activities. Venetians are fast and hardworkers, competition has been very strong and and the will to model their future is aprt of Venetian culture. Venetian teams were always saboted in the italian championship. The italian football championship is a faked championship in which the referees and piloted selections favour the big clubs' teams who are sponsored by the big public industries such as Parmalat, Cirio, Fiat, or the Rome and Florence team who rapresent the core of italian nationalism. It was a must in the italian football championship to oppress any identitarian football team of Venetians.
Cyclism
Most professional cyclists come from Venetia such as : Francesco Moser, Giovanni Battaglìn, Guderzo, Annabella Stropparo.
Olympic
Just to mention recent olympic games medals of Venetian people in China : Matteo Tagliariol, Federica Pellegrini, Argenti di Rebellin, Galtarossa e Marco Galiazzo, Tagliariol, Tatiana Guderzo and Andrea Facchin. Suffice to mention that alone Venetia surpasses italian medals! There are also Friuli and Sud Tirol we did not mention. These medals are internationally accredited to italy.
Traditional sports and games
There are several traditional games which helped to forge the culture and education of generetions of Venetians. In such games intelligence, memory, precision, constancy, cooperation, understanding, physical skills, speed are foundamental qualities to succeed. Among such ancient and educative games : Bocìn, Carte, Pesta fetòni, Canpanòn, Kùko, Mùsa, Còrsa co i sàchi, Elastego, Balìn. Venetians are also fond of fishing and hunting, but pollution and industrylization seriously poisoned the environment reducing the possibilities to practice such activities.
Politics
Political status of Venetians
Since italian invasion of 1866, Venetians were discriminated. They are not allowed to have Venetian passaport, their own institutions and legal system. The massive introduction of millions of italians and several others foreign immigrants are slowly destroying the identity of Venetians. Italian state divided the Venetia into regions : Friuli, Veneto, Trentino, Lombardia. The regional authorities of such political entities have no power which is totally concentrated in the italian capital city : Rome.
Italian oppression of Venetian identity
Sadly enough since the italian invasion of 1867 a steady process of cultural colonization has begun. Compulsory school, compulsory military service, wars and fascism contributed to destroy the language and Venetian society. Television, radio and press did the rest. It is important to mention that italian burocrats strongly prohibited any cultural and linguistic dissidence. To destroy and criminalize any tracts that did not justify italian nationalism, was a duty of all italian burocrats. The consequence was the complete prohibition in schools, offices, tv, radios, prints, tribunals etc... of the languages existing in the italic peninsula much before the creation of italy. The cultural oppression is still in act today and several racist and discriminative acts can be recorded. It is a silent and steady discrimination that affects all sectors of public and private life. One of the saddest phenomenon caused by this process is the self-hatred Venetian : parents are ashamed to speak Venetian language to their kids and actuate a self censorship, removing their history and origins. The italian discrimination and racism against Venetian can be traced in the changing of all names of places, people. In school books, the Venetian history is completely banned in favour of roman history and roman empire. Italian church acted in conformity with italians and contributed to prohibit any Venetian cultural tracts.
Identity and nationalism
Since the Napoleonic invasion up today under italian domination, Venetian consciousness of their identity, language and tradition began to grow, and now several political and cultural groups in favour of Venetian People are increasing in number and influence. For 150 years after italian invasion, Venetians continued to cultivate their project of renewed independency. The most famous Venetian fighter for freedom in recent times is undoubtely Giuseppe Segato called "Bepìn". He died in 2006. He was one the organizers of the demonstrative act of Independence in 1998 in which a group of Venetians (Gilberto Buson, Cristian Contin, Flavio Contin, Antonio Barison, Luca Peroni, Moreno Menini, Fausto Faccia, Andrea Viviani, Luigi Faccia)invaded San Marco's square in Venice. Such group is well known under the name "i serenissimi". In such occasion the italian carabinieri, beated to blood and tortured the Serenissimi, destroying the Venetian flag in sign of disrispect, a further sign of italian racist and ignorant culture.
List of Venetian associations
The most important associations that act in favour of Venetian language and culture are : Raixe Venete, Rexistensa Veneta, Unità Popolare Veneta, I Veneti, Xoventù Independentista, VADL Venetian Anti Defamation League.
List of Venetian political parties
Partito Nazionale Veneto (PNV)is the only party that openly profess Indipendency of Venetia from italian state. The remaining parties propose different grades of authonomy Liga Fronte Veneto, Progetto Nordest, Partito Autonomista Bellunese. Lega Nord, which is an italian and not Venetian party, for 20 years proposed an absurd and impossible federation with italy.
Economy
Commerce
Venetians are very active all over the world, as artisans and merchants. Contemporary Venetians establish commercial ties and firms all over the world and the port of Trieste, Venice and also some italian ports see a constant back and fourth of goods. The mass of tourists stimulates the markets and shoppers proliferation everywhere.
Tourism
More than 100 millions tourists come to visit Venetia every year. Venice, Verona, Vicenza, Padoa, Bergamo, Garda lake and the Venetian sea shores from Polexine to Trieste are the biggest tourist industry in the world. There are historical Villas, Mountains such as Dolomites, lakes, rivers, museums, historical cities and monuments dating back up to the first millenium before the common era. Skying can be done from october to may, if not 12 months a year in some neverending snowmountain like Marmolada in the dolomites.
Industry
Some of the most famous brands in the world of economy are Venetians. Excluding internal Venetian consumption, most of Venetian industrial production goes abroad creating an amazing surplus in the commercial balance. Unfortunately most of the revenues of the export are robbed by italian government with its fiscal drag.
Famous Venetian Brands
A Venetian dictum says : "poche parole xè i fàti ca pàrl" (few words facts talk) Benetton, Diesel, Marzotto, Vimar, Belfe, Missoni, Snaidero, DeLonghi, Electrolux, Iar, Bauli, PalZileri, Motta, Doria, Luxottica, Lanerossi, Fiorentini, Campagnolo, Beretta, Geox, Sanson, Costa, Foppapedretti, Corà, Florian, ClanIndustries, Dall'Agnese, Priant, Crabo, Nardini, Laverda, Aprilia, Mastrotto, Valentino, Hugo, Fracarro, Boss, Zanussi, Philco, Stival, Maroni, Balestra, Miva AlpiEagles, FinCantieri, AmbroVeneto, RoloBanca, Dainese, Calligaris, Salvagnini, Danieli, Breton FinnPower, Uteco, Sinteco, Pavan, Baccini, Cimolai, Gasparini, Polin, Pittini, Lafert, Paluani, Melegatti, Conforti, Cadit, SelleSanMarco, Rana, Riello, Fdrigoni, Veronesi, Calzedonia, Bonazzi, Bpv, Cattolica, AssicurazioniGenerali, Cariverona, Unicredit, Parpas, Pellini, Zoppas Safilo, Bolla, Zonin, Bertani, Diadora, Lotto, Tecnica, Nordica, Asolo, Mares, Doimo, Spagnol, AcquaVera, Biasi, Panto, SelleSanMarco, Ilcam, Berti, Primultini, Zanuzzi, Zenato, Zaghis, Tempesta, Stefanel, Axo, StamGeox, Zepa, Vicenzi, AmbroVeneto, CreditoVeronese, Biasi, Frisinghelli, Valbruna, Zamperla, Fratti, Pietribiasi, Balestra, Berti, albruna, Valbrenta, Priant, Costenaro, Stragliotto, Santarossa, Zambon, Vicenzovo, GrafichePalladio, Marìn, Crabo, Costa, DalLago, Campagnolo, Giemme, Bussandri, Zichele, Attimec, Piarotto, Bisazza, MobilClan, Stinat, Snaidero, Coin, Valentino, DellaValentina, Triestina, Askoll, Minuzzo, Nico, DallAgnese, Axo, Infocamere, Crabo, Lorenzìn, Alpetrans, Rigoni, Infracom, VetrerieRiunite, Pinarello, Battaglin, Philco, Nico, Francesco Molòn.
Italian fiscal oppression
It is very well known in historical accounts that carabinieri and guardia di finanza (both italian military) were counting the leaves of tobacco and the animals in the farms, and applied such oppressive taxation through the figure of "kusòre", that Venetian people had famine and hunger, and denutrition illnesses spread and forced millions of Venetians to run abroad to find a more tolerable life. Suffice to know that today the direct fiscal drag of Venetians reaches 70% of their clean income. Plus we need to add indirect italian taxation. The summ of direct and indirect italian taxation reaches 90% of tòtal clean income of Venetian workers and enterpreneurs. It is also of foundamental importance to notice that the italian state does give very poor and inefficient services, and create more troubles with its burocreats and laws to private sector, rather than facilitate it. Thousands of firms moved their productions far from italian controll in states such as : Romania, China, Bulgaria, Ukraina, Slovenja, Croatia and at the same time exported know how and economical and social growth in such places. Many Venetians open accounts in Swiss, Austrian, Slovenian and Croatian banks in order to save their sparings and profits from italian neverending fiscal rape.
Venetian rush abroad
Since the italian invasion of Venetia, a huge flow of Venetian inhabitants abandoned their land and homes and started a diaspora around the world and moving massively to Brasil, Australia, Canada, Argentina, where some of the old tradition are still preserved. The region of Rio do Soul in Brasil together with italian state, is the place where there is the biggest community of Venetians in the world. At the end of 20th century many moved their industrial activities to Romania and other eastern countries in order to find more tolerable fiscal conditions.
Resources
Venetian has the largest fresh drinkable water resource in Europe because of its mountains. The mountains are considered a resource of wood, water and idroelectric sustainable energy; Venetia is energetically self sufficient with its idroelectric resources that goes all to feed italy which is totally without any renewable energy resource. Venetian coasts permit water transport facilities and fishing. There are also minerals and gas resources underneath.
Agriculture
The land in the plains can be irrigated during all summer time and give almost double crop than any other land in Europe. Venetia is famous for wine production and exports all over the world. The diversity of climate permit a huge variety of agricultural production from Zootechnic to Fruits and cereals : milk, cheese, meat, cherries(Vicenza), apples(Trentino), pears(Mantova), rice (Rovigo). It is important to point out that Veentia is very succesfull in producing certified agricultural products with doc. origine certificates. Bioproduction will be the future of agriculture in Venetia.
Services
Services are mostly runned by the italian government and its nepotistic policy with the consequence of inefficiency, total incapability and waste of resources. Public roads are insufficient and traffic have been congestionated for decades. Airports and ports are almost insufficient and do not coope with the speed of private economy. Some private enterprises substitute public services but the political and legal conditions do not favour private inputs.
Modern socio-economic issues
Since italian invasion in 1866, Venetia was completely destroyed by two wars, millions of Venetians emigrated, in the midlle of 20th century, Venetia functioned as a productive colony for italian economy : chemical industry, immigration, refineries, hard working conditions prooved and destroyed part of environmental and cultural tissue of Venetians. venetia has nowaday the highest cancer rate in Europe. Today this economic model is becoming obsolete and cannot be competitive with the world. The factor that influenced negatively Venetian development and drove to its economic long term failure, was and is the italian parasitism. Italy simply dragged taxes for 50 years and poured no money or long term investment in Venetia. The present economic downturn will probably end this robbery and will hopefully permit Venetians to reach their independency and develop an environmental sustainable Nation where culture, tourism, services, cooperation, research, will be the leading aims.
Immigration today to Venetia
The flow of italian burocrats and military since the italian invasion of 1867 still continues. Together with it Venetia has become a melting pot where people from several places come to look for better conditions. Marocco, Romania, Ukraina, Bangladesh, Ghana, Nigeria are the countries where most of the people come from. The flux of imigrants has not stopped jet and it is fastly destroying the Venetian language, tradition and culture towards the italianization and omogeneity.
Famous Venetians
Notable Venetians in the past
Marco Polo, Andrea Palladio, Antonio Vivaldi, Giacomo Casanova, Giorgio Perlasca, Emilio Salgari, Primo Carnera, Giovambattista Tiepolo, Tomaso Albinoni, Palestrina, Andrea Mantegna, Carpaccio, Da Ponte,tiziano, Canova, Tintoretto, Canaletto, Bellini, Ruzzante, Giorgione, Francesco Baseggio, Dino Buzzati, Caboto, Pigafetta,Catullo, Virgilio, Goldoni Cesco Baseggio, Giambattista Piranesi, Goffredo Parise,Ippolito Nievo, Ugo Foscolo,Jacopo Francesco Riccati, Pietro d'Abano,Luigi Nono, Cangrande della Scala, Giacomo Matteotti,Gentile Bellini,Tiziano Vecelio,Paolo, Sarpi,PaoloCaliari, Tiziano Vecelio,MicheleSanmicheli, Salieri,Gabrieli, Giovanni Bellini, Marcantonio Bragadin,Giuseppe Viscovich, Benedetto XI, Tartaglia Nicolò Fontana, Padre Marco d'Aviano, "Carlo Domenico Cristofori"Plinius the old,Plinius the young,Angelo Giustinian, Giovanni Gabrieli,Andrea Gabrieli, Pietro Bembo,Giuseppe Brion,PaoloSarpi, Canova,Angelo Emo,Giorgio Baffo,Bianca Cappello, Caterina Cornaro,Rosalba Carriera, Andrea Gritti, Meneghello, Rigoni Stern, Gallina,pope Pius X,Carlo Gozzi, Andrea Calmo, Nicolò Zeno, Antonio Zeno,Paolo Veronese,Vitore Carpaccio, Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Bellini, Francesco Guardi, Sebastiano del Piombo, Pietro Longhi, Girolamo Fracastoro, Scipione Maffei, Ippolito Pindemonte, Giangiorgio Trissino, Vincenzo Scamozzi.
Notable Venetians today Today Venetians have different citizenships so many of them, due to italian invasion and present domination, carry italian passaport and for those who rushed oversea : Brazilian, Australian, Canadian. Some of the most famous are : Renzo Rosso, Luciano Benetton, Roberto Baggio, Francesco Mosèr, Armani, Federico Faggin, Sonia Ghandi born in Lusiana a small town in Venetia. Other famous names in econoy are : Carlo Stefanel, Rossi da Schio Renso Rosso, Marzotto, Riello, Bauli, Rana, Piero Cardin, Pedrollo, Laverda, Panto. Mario Renato Capecchi (nobel medicine 2007).
Venetian tophonomastic
Most of original names of streets, rivers, cities, squares, have been changed completely or italianized after the italian invasion of 1867. The word Venetian word "ca'" (street) have been changed in the italian word "via". The word "canpo" or "còrte" (square) became "piazza". Street name such as "ca'boina", "caleseo", "boscaje", "contrà" have been substituted with the names of italian "eroes". Cities' names have been italianized : "Camasol" > "Camàzzole", "Marostega" > "Marostica". Many cities' names ending with a consonant were added the italian final vowel such as : "Trevis" > "Trevìso", "Conejàn" > "Conegliano". Many consonant doubled in order eliminate any Veentian orijìn "Belùn" > "Belluno". It can be noticed also the adding of double consonants to Venetian words which is very typical of italians. The gender of rivers which is feminine in Venetian, has been turned into masculine gender such as : "la brenta" > "il brenta", "la longhela" > "il longhella".
Venetian onomastic
List of Venetian common names
Toni (Anthony), Bèpi (Joseph), Xorxo (George), Màci (Max), Joàni (John, Zàne (John), Anéta (little Hana), Joanìn (little John), Marco (Marc), Bepìn (little Joseph),Checo (Francis).
List of Venetian common last names
Usually Venetian names end with the suffix : -ìn, -òn, àn, èn. For example : Serafìn, Zambòn, Baldàn, Zèn. Under italian domination many Venetian last names have been italianized and vowels where added to the ending suffix for example : Serafini, Zambone, Baldàno, Zèno. Many last names reflects the job the ancestors were doing such as : Marangòn (wood worker), Botàr (barrel maker), Selàr (saddle maker), Caregàr (chair maker, Soldà (Soldier), Muràro (bricklayer). Some other last names comes from names of everyday tools : Roncolà (rounded knife). In many cases also last names have been italianized and those ending in -à have been added the italian passive ending -to : (Roncolà>Roncolàto, Soldà>Soldàto). Those surnames ending with consonant were added a -vowel (Botàr>Botàro, Selàr>Selàro, Zanbòn>Zanbòne)
See also
References
- Gli ultimi Veneti, Gianfranco Cavallin, year, place, ISBN .
- 1866 anno della vergogna, Luigi Zanon, 2000,place, ISBN .
- La grande truffa, Ettore Beggiato, year, Vicenza, ISBN .
- Il turismo nelle terre dell'emigrazione Veneta , Andrea Recaldin, 2004, Venezia, ISBN .
- La storia di Venezia nella vita privata, Pompeo G. Molmenti, 1973, Trieste, ISBN .
- Lepanto 7 Ottobre 1571, Milizia Veneta, 2006, Vicenza ISBN .
- Grafia Veneta Unitaria, Regione Veneto, 2003, Battaglia terme ISBN .
- Grammatica Veneta, Silvano Belloni, 1991, Padova, ISBN .
- Dizionario del dialetto Veneziano, Giuseppe Boerio, 1856, Venezia, ISBN .
- Veneto in film, Piero Zanotto, 2002, Venezia, ISBN .
- Peoples of the world, Tom Stacey, 1966, London, ISBN .
- Lettera ingenua ad un amico, anonimous, 1797, Zurich, ISBN .
- La vera storia dei Veneti, Rexistensa Veneta, 2006, Venezia, ISBN .
- La prima guerra mondiale, Gabriele Riondato, 2005, Venezia, ISBN .
- Gramatega Veneta, Michele Brunelli, 2006, Bassano del Grappa, ISBN .
- 1809: l’insorgenza veneta, Ettore Beggiato,?, ?, Vicenza, ISBN.
- Le elezioni in villa, Domenico Pittarini, 1868, Vicenza, ISBN .
- La cessione del Vèneto, author, year, place, ISBN .
External links
- English website about the history and traditions of Venetians, www.venetianpeople.org
- Raixe Venete, magazine and cultural website, www.raixevenete.net
- Venetian digit TV, www.venetatv.net
- Newspaper in Venetian Language, www.gaxetaveneta.com
- Unita Popolare Veneta, Magazine in Venetian Language, www.unitapopolareveneta.eu
- Venetian Journal digit magazine in English, www.venetianjournal.org
- Venetian National Anthem website, www.innonazionaleveneto.net
- Venetian Language Classification, www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=vec
- The Ethnologue, www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vec
- Unesco red book of endangered languages, www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/europe_index.html
- Rexistensa Veneta, www.rexistensa.org
- Venetian Independentist Youth Organization, www.xoventuindependentista.org
- Venetian Anti Defamation League, www.vadl.org
- "I Veneti" a Venetian political group and movement, www.iveneti.org
- Venetian National Party, www.pnveneto.org
- Venetian language monthly magazine, www.quatrociacoe.it
- Venetian digital magazine, www.larenadomila.it
- Venetian National Anthem, www.inonasionaleveneto.net
- Website of Venetian Language, www.linguaveneta.it
- Venetian and English web site about the Venetian diaspora, www.diaspora-veneta.org
- Dutch and Venetian website, www.statoveneto.nl
Contact VenetianPeople.org
Contact us at the following mail address : info@venetianpeople.org
